Work–Life Balance and STARA‑Related Job Insecurity as Predictors of Turnover Intention in Micro Coffee Shops During Economic Turbulence

Ahmad Nizar Yogatama; Arjhel Domingo

doi:10.32815/jibeka.v20i2.2485

Authors

Ahmad Nizar Yogatama Institut Teknologi dan Bisnis Asia Malang
Arjhel Domingo Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32815/jibeka.v20i2.2485

Keywords:

Work–Life Balance, STARA Awareness, Job Insecurity, Job Satisfaction, Turnover Intention, Micro Coffee Shops

Abstract

This study investigates the predictors of turnover intention among micro-coffee shop employees during economic turbulence, focusing on the roles of work–life balance and Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA) awareness. Utilizing an explanatory quantitative design, data were collected from 399 frontliner coffee shops in Malang, Indonesia, and analyzed via Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that WLB significantly enhances job satisfaction and mitigates job insecurity. However, WLB has no significant direct effect on turnover intention, its impact is fully mediated by job satisfaction. Additionally, while STARA awareness strongly triggers technology-driven job insecurity, immediate job fears do not significantly affect job satisfaction or turnover intentions due to environmental normalization. Main implications suggest that operators must foster a supportive environment to leverage WLB into actual job satisfaction and invest in frontliner coffee shops upskilling. Research is limited by its cross-sectional data and localized geographic focus.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alfaizi, M. F., Adhie Candra, W., & Purnomo, W. (2024). Simulation of Monitoring the Automatic Dosing System on the Vending Machine for Wonosobo Coffee Tubruk. The Indonesian Journal of Computer Science, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.33022/ijcs.v13i4.4133

Babashahi, L., Barbosa, C. E., Lima, Y., Lyra, A., Salazar, H., Argôlo, M., Almeida, M. A. D., & Souza, J. M. D. (2024). AI in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Skill Transformation in the Industry. Administrative Sciences, 14(6), 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14060127

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

Bansal, A., Mukherjee, S., & Prayag, G. (2025). From crisis to care: Redesigning work and jobs for employee well-being in hospitality and tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 14673584251321038. https://doi.org/10.1177/14673584251321038

Bashiri, M., Tjahjono, B., Lazell, J., Ferreira, J., & Perdana, T. (2021). The Dynamics of Sustainability Risks in the Global Coffee Supply Chain: A Case of Indonesia–UK. Sustainability, 13(2), 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020589

Bima Bima, Surya Adi Nugroho, & Tsulis Amiruddin Zahri. (2026). Manajemen Ketahanan Usaha Kedai Kopi Modern dan Tradisional di Tengah Persaingan dan Tekanan Biaya Operasional. Jurnal Publikasi Sistem Informasi Dan Manajemen Bisnis, 5(1), 340–359. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupsim.v5i1.6269

Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O.-L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work–life balance: A longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262

Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018). Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, 24(2), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2016.55

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Ghani, B., Zada, M., Memon, K. R., Ullah, R., Khattak, A., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A., & Araya-Castillo, L. (2022). Challenges and Strategies for Employee Retention in the Hospitality Industry: A Review. Sustainability, 14(5), 2885. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052885

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd edn). SAGE Publications.

Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications.

Handika, R. E. T., & Alwi, M. (2026). The Effect of Work Stress and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention Among Baristas at Coffee Shops in Kuningan. Journal Research of Social Science, Economics, and Management, 5(9), 11671–11685. https://doi.org/10.59141/jrssem.v5i9.1434

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Jung, H. S., Jung, Y. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2021). COVID-19: The effects of job insecurity on the job engagement and turnover intent of deluxe hotel employees and the moderating role of generational characteristics. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102703

Lingmont, D. N. J., & Alexiou, A. (2020). The contingent effect of job automating technology awareness on perceived job insecurity: Exploring the moderating role of organizational culture. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120302

Na-Nan, K., Kanthong, S. N., & Dhienhirun, A. (2021). Development and validation of an instrument to measure turnover intention of Generation Y in Thailand. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(3), 682–698. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-12-2019-1972

O’Neill, P., & Sevastos, P. (2013). The development and validation of a new multidimensional Job Insecurity Measure (JIM): An inductive methodology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(3), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033114

Parvez, M. O., Öztüren, A., Cobanoglu, C., Arasli, H., & Eluwole, K. K. (2022). Employees’ perception of robots and robot-induced unemployment in hospitality industry under COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 107, 103336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103336

Putridena, A. S., & Prastika, N. D. (2023). Study of the Relationship between Work life balance and Job Satisfaction in Coffee Shop Employees. Psikoborneo: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 11(3), 299. https://doi.org/10.30872/psikoborneo.v11i3.10485

Salim, N., Jahroh, S., & Asikin, Z. (2024). Coffee Shop Dine-in Business Concept Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Research and Review, 11(10), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20241037

Setyoningrum, O., Haziroh, A. L., Samasta, A. S., Wibowo, M. E. S., Nuswantoro, U. D., & Nakula, J. (2025). Strategi menurunkan turnover intention karyawan di coffee shop Semarang Tengah, melalui pelatihan, kepuasan gaji, dan lingkungan kerja. COSTING: Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 8(6).

Soulami, M., Benchekroun, S., & Galiulina, A. (2024). Exploring how AI adoption in the workplace affects employees: A bibliometric and systematic review. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 7, 1473872. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1473872

Sung, H. J., & Jeon, H. M. (2020). Untact: Customer’s Acceptance Intention toward Robot Barista in Coffee Shop. Sustainability, 12(20), 8598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208598

Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242.

Üngüren, E., Onur, N., Demirel, H., & Tekin, Ö. A. (2024). The Effects of Job Stress on Burnout and Turnover Intention: The Moderating Effects of Job Security and Financial Dependency. Behavioral Sciences, 14(4), 322. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14040322

Vedadi, A., Warkentin, M., Straub, D. W., & Shropshire, J. (2024). Fostering information security compliance as organizational citizenship behavior. Information & Management, 61(5), 103968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2024.103968

Yudiatmaja, W. E., Salomo, R. V., & Prasojo, E. (2021). Smart Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA) Competencies During COVID-19: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis using SEM Approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2049(1), 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012014

Zidane Muhammad, & Paksi, G. M. (2025). Turnover Intention Among Barisa in Coffee Shops. Journal of Development Economic and Social Studies, 4(4), 1104–1110. https://doi.org/10.21776/jdess.2025.04.4.04